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KMID : 0545120200300050633
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Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
2020 Volume.30 No. 5 p.633 ~ p.641
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Omega Rhodopsins: A Versatile Class of Microbial Rhodopsins
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Kwon Soon-Kyeong
Jun Sung-Hoon
Kim Ji-Hyun
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Abstract
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Microbial rhodopsins are a superfamily of photoactive membrane proteins with covalently bound retinal cofactor. Isomerization of the retinal chromophore upon absorption of a photon triggers conformational changes of the protein to function as ion pumps or sensors. After the discovery of proteorhodopsin in an uncultivated γ-proteobacterium, light-activated proton pumps have been widely detected among marine bacteria and, together with chlorophyll-based photosynthesis, are considered as an important axis responsible for primary production in the biosphere. Rhodopsins and related proteins show a high level of phylogenetic diversity; we focus on a specific class of bacterial rhodopsins containing the ‘3 omega motif.’ This motif forms a stack of three nonconsecutive aromatic amino acids that correlates with the B?C loop orientation, and is shared among the phylogenetically close ion pumps such as the NDQ motif-containing sodium-pumping rhodopsin, the NTQ motif-containing chloride-pumping rhodopsin, and some proton-pumping rhodopsins including xanthorhodopsin. Here, we reviewed the recent research progress on these ‘omega rhodopsins,’ and speculated on their evolutionary origin of functional diversity.
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KEYWORD
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3 omega motif, actinorhodopsin (ActR), chloride pump rhodopsin (ClR), microbial rhodopsin, sodium pump rhodopsin (NaR), xanthorhodopsin (XR)
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